When women take nitrate supplements, their blood vessels become more flexible, but men don’t see the same change—so nitrate might help women’s blood vessels more than men’s.

In healthy adult human males and females, participants receive oral nitrate supplementation (e.g., 6.4 mmol sodium nitrate) and placebo in randomized order with a 7-day washout period; pulse wave velocity is measured via carotid-femoral ultrasound before and after each intervention to detect sex-specific changes.

In healthy adult human males and females, participants are randomly assigned to either nitrate supplementation or placebo for 4 weeks; pulse wave velocity is measured at baseline and endpoint to compare sex-specific changes between groups.

In healthy adult human males and females, participants self-administer dietary nitrate (e.g., beetroot juice) daily for 2 weeks under supervision; pulse wave velocity is measured before and after to assess sex-specific trends.

All published RCTs comparing nitrate supplementation effects on pulse wave velocity in males and females are pooled to determine whether sex modifies the effect size.

In healthy adult human males and females, nitrate supplementation is administered for 7 days; blood samples are collected to measure nitrate/nitrite metabolites and vascular biomarkers (e.g., cGMP, NO bioavailability), alongside pulse wave velocity to link sex differences in physiology to vascular outcomes.