Eating earlier in the day for 4 days slightly increased ketone levels in the morning for overweight people compared to eating throughout the day.
Scientific Claim
Early time-restricted feeding increased morning β-hydroxybutyrate (ketone) levels by 0.03 mM in overweight adults after 4 days of intervention compared to a control schedule.
Evidence Quality Assessment
Claim Status
appropriately stated
Study Design Support
Design supports claim
Appropriate Language Strength
definitive
Can make definitive causal claims
Assessment Explanation
This is a randomized controlled trial with direct measurements of ketone levels. The verb 'increased' is appropriate for this specific short-term effect.
Source Excerpt
“eTRF also increased morning ketone levels, as measured by β-hydroxybutyrate, by 0.03 ± 0.01 mM (p = 0.009), causing them to reach a plasma concentration of 0.15 ± 0.6 mM.”
Evidence from Studies
Supporting Evidence (1)
The study measured β-hydroxybutyrate levels in the morning and found a statistically significant increase with eTRF. The effect size is small but statistically significant.
Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans