If you eat different kinds of food for four weeks—some high in sugar, some low—but everything else stays the same, your body’s insulin response, inflammation, and blood clotting don’t consistently change if you’re overweight or obese.

Eating either high-sugar or low-sugar carbs for four weeks doesn’t reliably change insulin response, swelling, or blood clotting in overweight or obese men—even though the types of carbs were very different.

Eating foods with different sugar impacts doesn't seem to reliably change heart disease risk markers in overweight men after just four weeks—so short-term diet changes might not be enough to make a difference.

If overweight men eat mostly high-sugar, high-refined-carb foods for four weeks, they might lose a little more fat and gain a little more muscle than if they ate low-sugar, whole-food carbs—but it’s so small that it might not actually matter in real life.

If overweight men eat mostly high-sugar, refined carbs for four weeks, they might lose a tiny bit more fat and gain a tiny bit more muscle than if they ate whole grains and low-sugar foods—but the difference is so small that it probably doesn’t matter much for their health.

Eating a lot of sugary and refined carbs for four weeks lowered both the bad and the good cholesterol in overweight men—which is surprising because usually only the bad cholesterol goes down. This might be because they also ate more healthy fats at the same time.