When older adults (60+) do strength training, men and women gain muscle and get stronger in basically the same way—no big differences between the sexes.

A randomized controlled trial enrolling healthy adults aged 60+ (equal numbers of men and women) assigned to a standardized, supervised resistance training program (e.g., 3x/week, 8–12 reps, 70–80% 1RM) for at least 12 weeks, with pre- and post-intervention measurements of limb muscle size (via DXA or MRI), muscle fiber size (via biopsy), and physical performance (e.g., leg press strength, gait speed, chair stand test), comparing absolute and relative changes between sexes.

A prospective cohort study following healthy adults aged 60+ who self-select into a resistance training program, measuring limb muscle size (MRI), muscle fiber morphology (biopsy), and physical performance at baseline and after 12+ weeks, comparing sex-specific changes using multivariate regression to control for baseline differences.

A cross-sectional analysis of existing data from multiple resistance training studies in older adults, pooling pre- and post-intervention measurements of muscle size, fiber dimensions, and performance outcomes by sex to determine if sex-based differences in change scores are statistically absent.

A case-control study matching men and women aged 60+ based on baseline muscle mass, activity level, and training adherence, then comparing their absolute and relative changes in muscle and performance after identical resistance training programs.