A 37-year-old man with active ulcerative colitis, taking infliximab and corticosteroids, experienced a decrease in fecal calprotectin from over 3000 µg/g to 42 µg/g, a reduction in Escherichia and...

Elimination of wheat, dairy, refined sugar, and processed foods removes dietary antigens and fermentable substrates that fuel overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Reduced availability of fermentable substrates and iron-binding by lactoferrin suppresses proliferation of iron-dependent and pro-inflammatory gut bacteria.

Probiotic strains outcompete pathogens for adhesion sites and nutrients in the colonic lumen, reducing bacterial load and preventing mucosal invasion.

Omega-3 fatty acids from krill oil are metabolized into specialized pro-resolving mediators that inhibit neutrophil recruitment and promote macrophage clearance of cellular debris.

Vitamin D3 upregulates tight junction proteins and induces antimicrobial peptide production, while zinc stabilizes epithelial cell structure and prevents barrier disruption by inflammatory cytokines.

Glutathione neutralizes reactive oxygen species generated by activated immune cells, preventing oxidative damage to epithelial cells and preserving crypt integrity.

Growth factors from colostrum activate signaling pathways in intestinal stem cells that drive proliferation and migration of epithelial cells to repair damaged mucosa.

Restoration of epithelial barrier integrity reduces bacterial translocation and innate immune activation, leading to decreased neutrophil infiltration and normalization of fecal calprotectin.

Suppression of Th17-driven inflammation and promotion of regulatory T-cell activity reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, enabling resolution of rectal bleeding and gastrointestinal symptoms.