In rat liver cells, a type of fat called palmitate boosts sugar production just as much as a stress hormone does, and adding both together doesn’t do more — suggesting they work through the same...

In female rats that were trained for endurance, their liver cells used more lactate to make glucose when stimulated, and this extra fuel use completely explains why they made more glucose—meaning the key change was how much lactate got into the cells, not how fast the cells processed it.

Female rats that did treadmill training for 10 weeks made more glucose in their liver cells, even when resting and without hormones, compared to rats that didn’t train.