After resistance training, consuming a specific combination of amino acids and carbohydrates increases molecular markers associated with muscle protein synthesis in young, untrained men, compared to...
Mechanism
Synthesis from 1 study
After a workout, leucine from amino acids and sugar from carbs work together to turn on a master switch in muscle cells that tells the cell to start building more muscle protein. Leucine kicks off the signal, and sugar helps remove a brake on it, allowing the cell to read its instructions more...
Most probable mechanism
After a workout, drinking a mix of special amino acids and sugar causes leucine to enter muscle cells and turn on a key growth signal called mTOR. The sugar triggers insulin, which helps remove a brake on mTOR. Once mTOR is active, it turns on two other proteins that help build new muscle proteins by making it easier for the cell to start reading its genetic instructions. This leads to more muscle protein being made.
Leucine from ingested essential amino acids enters muscle cells and activates class III PI3K (hVps34), initiating an insulin-independent signal that promotes mTOR activation.
Carbohydrate ingestion stimulates insulin release, which activates the PI3K-Akt pathway, leading to phosphorylation and inhibition of TSC2, a suppressor of mTOR.
Inhibition of TSC2 releases mTOR from suppression, allowing it to be fully activated by upstream signals including those from leucine and insulin.
Activated mTOR phosphorylates S6K1 at Thr389 and 4E-BP1 at Thr37/46, promoting ribosomal biogenesis and releasing the translation initiation factor eIF4E.
Released eIF4E assembles the eIF4F complex to initiate cap-dependent translation of mRNA into protein, while phosphorylated S6K1 enhances ribosomal efficiency and translation capacity.
Increased translation initiation results in higher rates of amino acid incorporation into new muscle proteins, elevating net muscle protein synthesis.
Evidence from Studies
Supporting (1)
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Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle.
Contradicting (0)
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