Consuming ω-3 fatty acids from fish oil, microalgae, or fortified foods raises their levels in human blood and tissues and is linked to lower levels of certain inflammatory signaling molecules made...
Mechanism
Synthesis from 1 study
Eating omega-3 fats from fish or fortified foods puts these fats into your cell membranes, pushing out another fat that causes inflammation. When your body needs to respond to injury or infection, it uses the fats in your membranes to send signals. With omega-3s there, it sends healing signals...
Most probable mechanism
When people eat omega-3 fats from fish, algae, or fortified foods, these fats get incorporated into the membranes of immune and liver cells, pushing out another fat called arachidonic acid. When inflammation happens, the cell breaks open the membrane and releases the fats. If arachidonic acid is still there, it gets turned into strong inflammatory signals. But if omega-3 fats are there instead, they get turned into signals that stop inflammation and help the body heal. This switch reduces harmful inflammation throughout the body.
Dietary EPA and DHA are absorbed in the small intestine and incorporated into phospholipids of cell membranes in liver, immune, and adipose tissues
EPA and DHA compete with and displace arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipid pools, reducing the availability of arachidonic acid as a substrate for inflammatory enzyme pathways
Inflammatory stimuli activate phospholipase A2, releasing free fatty acids from membrane phospholipids
Free EPA and DHA are metabolized by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes into resolvins, protectins, and maresins, which actively terminate inflammation and promote tissue repair
Free arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes into prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, which promote neutrophil recruitment, vascular permeability, and cytokine production
Resolvins and protectins suppress activation of Kupffer cells and macrophages, reduce tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 production, and inhibit neutrophil infiltration into tissues
Less supported by current evidence, but not ruled out
Omega-3 fats reduce the production of brain and fat tissue signals that increase hunger and fat storage by blocking the formation of compounds made from arachidonic acid. This leads to less eating, less fat accumulation, and lower inflammation in fat tissue.
Dietary EPA and DHA reduce the incorporation of arachidonic acid into membrane phospholipids in hypothalamic and adipose tissue cells
Reduced arachidonic acid availability decreases synthesis of endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol
Lower endocannabinoid levels reduce activation of cannabinoid receptor CB1 in the hypothalamus and adipose tissue
Reduced CB1 signaling decreases food intake, lipogenesis, and adipocyte differentiation, and increases energy expenditure
Omega-3 fats change the structure of cell membranes in the liver and fat tissue, which turns down genes that cause inflammation and turns up genes that help resolve it. This reduces fat buildup in the liver and lowers chronic inflammation.
EPA and DHA incorporate into hepatic and adipose tissue membranes, altering membrane fluidity and lipid raft composition
Altered membrane composition reduces activation of Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways
Reduced NF-κB signaling decreases transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta
EPA and DHA activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, increasing expression of anti-inflammatory and lipid oxidation genes
Evidence from Studies
Supporting (1)
Community contributions welcome
ω-6 and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Inflammation, Obesity and Foods of Animal Resources
Contradicting (0)
Community contributions welcome
Gold Standard Evidence Needed
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