In obese mice, a single injection of a specific drug called G49 causes fat cells to break down stored fat quickly, releasing a large increase of free fatty acids into the blood. This process depends...
Mechanism
Synthesis from 1 study
The drug wakes up fat cells to dump their stored fat into the blood. That flood of fat tells the liver to burn fat for energy and make ketones, which then turn on heat-producing cells in brown fat. It also brings in special immune cells that help turn regular fat into energy-burning fat, while...
Most probable mechanism
A special drug binds to a receptor on fat cells, causing them to break down stored fat and release it into the blood. This flood of fat signals the liver to start burning fat for energy and produce ketones, which then tell the brown fat to generate heat. The fat release also attracts immune cells that help turn white fat into a more active form, and the drug simultaneously tells the pancreas to release insulin, which helps the body adjust to the new energy flow.
G49 binds to glucagon receptors on white adipose tissue adipocytes, activating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
Protein kinase A phosphorylates hormone-sensitive lipase, triggering hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.
Free fatty acids are released into circulation, increasing plasma concentrations approximately 2.5-fold within 6 hours.
Elevated free fatty acids are taken up by hepatocytes, activating PPARα and increasing expression of CPT1a to enhance fatty acid oxidation.
Increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation drives HMG-CoA synthase expression and ketone body production.
Hepatic ketogenesis and glucagon receptor activation induce transcription and secretion of FGF21.
FGF21 acts on brown adipose tissue to upregulate UCP1 expression and mitochondrial uncoupling.
Free fatty acids recruit eosinophils and M2 macrophages to white adipose tissue, which secrete IL-4 and IL-13 to induce UCP1 expression and beiging.
G49 activates GLP-1 receptors on pancreatic β-cells, stimulating insulin secretion that is amplified by elevated free fatty acids.
Evidence from Studies
Supporting (1)
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The dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist G49 mimics bariatric surgery effects by inducing metabolic rewiring and inter-organ crosstalk
Contradicting (0)
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