In university students in Jordan, trouble sleeping is linked not just to diet but also to smoking, anxiety, depression, and body pain—suggesting that poor sleep results from a combination of lifestyle and mental health factors.
Evidence from Studies
No evidence studies found yet.
What Would Prove This
Per GRADE and EBM methodology, here is what ideal scientific evidence would look like to definitively prove or disprove this claim, ordered from strongest to weakest.
Whether smoking, anxiety, depression, musculoskeletal pain, and low calcium intake consistently emerge as independent predictors of insomnia across diverse young adult populations.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of multivariate regression models from longitudinal studies measuring these five predictors and insomnia severity (ISI) in adults aged 18–25, pooling standardized coefficients while adjusting for BMI, academic stress, and physical activity.
Whether targeting one or more of these five factors (e.g., smoking cessation, calcium supplementation, CBT for anxiety) improves insomnia severity in young adults.
A factorial RCT of 400 university students with insomnia (ISI ≥15) randomized to one of eight arms: smoking cessation, calcium supplementation (1000 mg/day), CBT for anxiety, CBT for pain, or combinations, over 12 weeks, with ISI as primary outcome.
Whether changes in smoking, anxiety, depression, pain, or calcium intake over time predict changes in insomnia severity in young adults.
A prospective cohort study following 1000 university students aged 18–22 for 2 years, measuring all five predictors quarterly and assessing change in ISI score at 12 and 24 months, using time-varying covariate analysis.
Whether individuals with chronic insomnia have higher prevalence of smoking, anxiety, depression, pain, and low calcium intake compared to matched controls.
A case-control study comparing 12-month history of smoking, HADS-anxiety/depression, MSP (≥3 sites), and dairy calcium intake (<800 mg/day) in 200 university students with chronic insomnia (ISI ≥15 for ≥3 months) versus 200 matched controls (ISI ≤7).
Whether smoking, anxiety, depression, musculoskeletal pain, and low calcium intake co-occur with insomnia in a population at a single point in time.
A cross-sectional survey of 1000 university students measuring ISI, smoking status, HADS-anxiety/depression, MSP, and dairy calcium intake simultaneously using validated tools, as performed in this study.