When female rats consume a diet high in linoleic acid during pregnancy and lactation, their adult male and female offspring show elevated levels of testosterone in the blood, with males having higher levels than females, suggesting that maternal diet can influence hormone levels in offspring.

When mother rats eat a diet high in linoleic acid, their male offspring show higher levels of certain brain phospholipid markers compared to female offspring, suggesting that the sex of the offspring influences how the brain responds to this dietary fat.

When mother rats consume a diet high in linoleic acid, their male offspring show changes in brain fat composition, including increases in arachidonic acid and certain plasmalogen markers, and decreases in oleate and nervoniate, which may relate to changes in brain inflammation processes.