Activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in retinal pigment epithelial cells is linked to protection against oxidative damage in age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, as evidenced by over 100 published studies.

When oxidative stress builds up in retinal cells due to excess sugar or aging, it damages mitochondria and causes them to leak harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species. These molecules attack cell membranes, break down protective proteins, and damage DNA. In response, a cellular switch called Nrf2 activates and turns on genes that produce powerful antioxidant enzymes. These enzymes neutralize the harmful molecules, repair damaged components, and prevent cell death, preserving vision.