Nutritional supplementation combined with resistance training has no statistically significant effect on bone mineral density or bone mineral content in women across reproductive stages, as demonstrated by pooled analyses of five studies using total-body measurements (BMD: Hedges' g=0.087, 95% CI: -0.129 to 0.303, p=0.430; BMC: g=0.195, 95% CI: -0.281 to 0.671, p=0.421).

When estrogen levels drop, the body produces more inflammatory signals that block muscle growth signals and reduce muscle strength. Weaker muscles pull less on bones during exercise, and the chemical signals from muscles that tell bones to grow become weaker. Even when people take protein or creatine supplements and lift weights, the bones do not get stronger because the signals needed to build bone are turned off by low estrogen.