The use of probiotics and prebiotics to restore gut microbiota balance in individuals with celiac disease or non-celiac gluten hypersensitivity following a gluten-free diet is hypothesized to be beneficial, but current evidence is insufficient to support their routine clinical use.

When someone with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity stops eating gluten, their gut bacteria change because they lose the fibers that good bacteria need to survive. This causes bad bacteria to grow more and good bacteria to die off, which weakens the gut lining and lets harmful substances leak through. This leak triggers ongoing inflammation and symptoms. Adding probiotics helps by bringing back good bacteria, strengthening the gut lining, and calming down the immune system.