Health Claims

Kidneys regulate blood volume by controlling sodium and water excretion.

Cardiac output is regulated by heart rate and stroke volume, which are modulated by adrenaline and the autonomic nervous system.

Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output, blood volume, and vascular resistance; an increase in any of these factors elevates blood pressure.

Older Chinese people without high blood pressure who are obese (BMI 28 or higher) do not have a significantly different risk of dying from any cause compared to those with a normal weight.

For older Chinese people with high blood pressure, the risk of dying from any cause is lowest when their BMI is between 28 and 30, and increases if their BMI is too low or too high.

Older Chinese people without high blood pressure who have a BMI between 26 and 28 are less likely to die from any cause compared to those with a BMI between 22 and 24.

Older Chinese people with high blood pressure who have a BMI between 28 and 30 are less likely to die from any cause compared to those with a BMI between 22 and 24.

Older Chinese people with high blood pressure who are underweight (BMI below 18.5) are slightly more likely to die from any cause, but this difference is not statistically significant compared to those with normal weight.

Older Chinese people without high blood pressure who are overweight (BMI between 24 and 28) are less likely to die from any cause compared to those with a normal weight.

Older Chinese people with high blood pressure who are obese (BMI 28 or higher) are less likely to die from any cause compared to those with a normal weight.

Older Chinese people without high blood pressure who are underweight (BMI below 18.5) are much more likely to die from any cause compared to those with a normal weight.

Older Chinese people without high blood pressure who have a larger waist size (over 90 cm for men or 85 cm for women) are slightly less likely to die from any cause compared to those with normal waist size.

Older Chinese people with high blood pressure who have a larger waist size (over 90 cm for men or 85 cm for women) are less likely to die from any cause compared to those with normal waist size.

Obese heart disease patients who are inactive have a 30% higher death risk compared to overweight inactive patients, while active obese patients have a 19% higher risk compared to active overweight patients.

In heart disease patients, larger waist sizes are linked to higher risk of dying from heart-related causes, with the biggest risk in those with the largest waist measurements.

The pattern where both very low and very high body mass index increase death risk in heart disease patients holds true regardless of whether they smoke, are physically active, or have different education levels.

People with heart disease who have the largest waist sizes have a 19% higher chance of dying from any cause compared to those with medium waist sizes.

People with heart disease who are obese (BMI 30 or higher) have a 23% higher chance of dying from any cause compared to those who are overweight (BMI 25-30).

In people with heart disease, having a body mass index around 27 is linked to the lowest chance of dying from any cause, while both lower and higher BMIs are associated with higher risks.

Gaining weight or increasing waist size didn't significantly affect the risk of death compared to stable weight or waist size in older adults.

Being underweight, overweight, or obese at the start of the study didn't significantly change the risk of death compared to having a normal weight in older adults.

For older adults, both very small and very large changes in waist size are linked to higher death rates, forming a U-shaped pattern.

Older adults who lose more than 5% of their waist size are more likely to die within the study period compared to those whose waist size stays stable.

Older adults who lose more than 5% of their body weight are more likely to die within the study period compared to those whose weight stays stable.