Browse evidence-based analysis of health-related claims and assertions
Giving leptin to mice raises their leptin hormone levels to about 80 ng/ml, regardless of whether they have leptin receptors in certain brain cells.
Quantitative
Mice missing leptin receptors in certain brain cells have blood pressure like mice with floxed leptin receptors but lower than normal mice.
Descriptive
Mice missing leptin receptors in certain brain cells have twice as much belly fat as normal mice.
Leptin reduces eating in both normal mice and those missing leptin receptors in certain brain cells, meaning these brain cells aren't needed for leptin's appetite control.
Mice missing leptin receptors in certain brain cells have weaker blood pressure and heart rate reactions to sudden stress compared to normal mice.
Leptin makes both normal mice and those missing leptin receptors in certain brain cells burn more oxygen, meaning this effect works through other brain pathways.
Leptin lowers blood sugar and insulin in normal mice, but not in mice missing leptin receptors in certain brain cells.
When mice lack leptin receptors in certain brain cells, giving them leptin slightly lowers their blood pressure instead of raising it like in normal mice.
When mice lack leptin receptors in certain brain cells, they become heavier, have higher blood sugar, more insulin, and more leptin hormone than normal mice.
In rats with heart injury from blocked blood flow, a lower dose of butyrate reduced the damaged area by 57.1%.
In rat hearts, butyrate at a higher dose increased blood flow through the heart's arteries by 20.9%.
In rats, butyrate made blood vessels wider, reducing resistance by 33.5% without changing blood pressure or heart rate.
In rats, butyrate caused blood vessels in the heart to relax more as the dose increased, with the most effective dose being 0.57 mM.
In rats with heart injury from blocked blood flow, butyrate at a certain dose reduced the damaged heart tissue by 81.7%.
In rat hearts outside the body, butyrate at a certain dose made the heart pump harder, increasing pressure by 14.1%.
In rats, giving butyrate at a certain concentration made the heart pump 48.8% more blood without changing blood pressure or heart rate.
The enzyme that makes blood pressure hormones increased in both kidneys of mice with high blood pressure, and PRO20 didn't stop this increase.
Mice with high blood pressure given PRO20 were able to excrete salt normally after a salt load, unlike untreated mice.
Correlational
When given PRO20, mice with high blood pressure didn't show higher levels of a key blood pressure hormone in the non-clipped kidney.
In mice with high blood pressure, the sodium channel protein in the kidneys was more than double in both kidneys, but a drug called PRO20 reduced this increase to about 1.5 times and 1.2 times in the clipped and other kidney.
In mice with a specific type of high blood pressure model, the PRR protein in the kidneys was 4 times higher in the clipped kidney and 2 times higher in the other kidney compared to healthy mice.
In rats, a ketone body made the heart contract more forcefully, as shown by faster pressure changes in arteries.
Causal
In rat heart arteries, the ketone body relaxes blood vessels without needing the inner lining or certain inflammatory chemicals.
Mechanistic
In rats, a ketone body reduced resistance in blood vessels without changing overall blood pressure.