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Taking 3 milligrams of reverse triiodothyronine daily for four days raises its own levels in the blood by at least ten times within a day, but does not change how much of the main thyroid hormones...
Giving 3 milligrams of reverse triiodothyronine daily for four days to 10 healthy people did not change their levels of thyroid hormones or the hormone that controls the thyroid, suggesting that this...
After four weeks on a very low-carb, high-fat diet, healthy young men showed a measurable drop in leptin levels in their blood, but no significant changes were seen in other markers related to...
Some gut bacteria may help prevent type 1 diabetes by training immune cells to recognize insulin-like proteins as harmless, leading to the development of immune cells that suppress autoimmunity...
When thyroid hormone is low in developing zebrafish, the pituitary makes more TSH-producing cells and also makes each existing cell produce more TSH, showing two ways the body boosts TSH output.
Low thyroid hormone in developing zebrafish specifically increases the number of cells that make TSH, but does not affect other pituitary hormone-producing cells, showing the effect is targeted to...
In mice genetically prone to type 1 diabetes, damaging the gut lining causes immune cells to attack insulin-producing cells — but only if gut bacteria are present; removing the bacteria prevents the...
Beneficial gut bacteria produce compounds that help maintain the gut lining and calm the immune system; in type 1 diabetes, lower levels of these compounds correlate with increased inflammation and...
Even when zebrafish develop extra thyroid-stimulating hormone cells due to low hormone levels, those cells still respond normally to thyroid hormone signals, meaning the system’s ability to shut off...
Some gut bacteria produce proteins that closely resemble parts of insulin, and immune cells trained to attack these bacterial proteins may mistakenly target insulin-producing cells in the pancreas,...
When zebrafish recover from low thyroid hormone levels, their pituitary glands reduce excess hormone-producing cells back to normal size within three weeks, showing the system can self-correct after...
Before people develop type 1 diabetes, their gut lining often becomes more permeable, allowing bacterial components to leak into the bloodstream, which correlates with reduced levels of protective...
When developing zebrafish lack sufficient thyroid hormone, their pituitary glands produce more hormone-secreting cells and increase the production of the thyroid-stimulating hormone gene, showing...
People with type 1 diabetes often have different gut bacteria than healthy individuals, with fewer beneficial bacteria that produce anti-inflammatory compounds and more bacteria linked to...
In human thyroid tissue, the conversion of the hormone T4 into its active form T3 occurs in follicular cells but not in C-cells, based on observations from three tumor cases where this conversion was...
Even when a drug blocks the main signal (TSH) that tells the thyroid to make more hormone, the thyroid still keeps producing high levels of the enzyme that activates thyroid hormone during cold...
When male rats are exposed to cold for 10 days, their bodies convert more of the inactive thyroid hormone T4 into the active form T3, leading to lower T4 and higher T3 levels in the blood.
Even after a drug blocks the TSH receptor and lowers blood T3 levels in cold-exposed rats, the thyroid gland continues to produce high levels of the enzyme that activates thyroid hormone, suggesting...
When the TSH receptor is blocked by TPY1 in cold-exposed rats, the pituitary gland responds by producing more of the hormone TSH and becoming more sensitive to the signal that triggers its release,...
During prolonged cold exposure, the thyroid gland increases its production of the enzyme that activates thyroid hormone, while the hypothalamus reduces it, showing that different parts of the body...
Giving cold-exposed rats a compound called TPY1, which blocks the TSH receptor, lowers their elevated T3 levels and reduces the production of key proteins involved in thyroid hormone synthesis.
When male rats are kept in cold conditions (5°C) for 10 days, their thyroid glands produce more of the active thyroid hormone T3 by converting more of the precursor hormone thyroxine, and they...
In mice genetically prone to artery disease, a diet extremely high in fat and nearly free of carbohydrates led to less artery plaque than a diet with less fat and more carbohydrates — even though...
In mice genetically prone to artery disease, a diet extremely high in fat and nearly free of carbohydrates changed the overall pattern of small molecules in the blood, reducing fat-soluble compounds...