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The Study

Assessment of vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B12, vitamin K, folate, and choline status following 4 months of multinutrient supplementation in healthy vegans: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

In simple terms

This study is like a fair test where half the vegans got a special pill and half got a fake one, and then scientists checked their blood to see what changed. They found that the real pill helped raise vitamin B12 levels, but didn't do much for other vitamins. So we can say the pill probably causes better B12 levels, but not that it fixes everything.

82%

Analysis score

82/ 90

Maximum 90 for a randomized controlled trial.

Where the score came from

Reporting40
Methodology83
Publication100
Statistical100
Study type (basis of the score)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Level 1b - Individual RCT
What’s the bottom line?

Vegans sometimes lack key vitamins like B12. This study gave vegans a daily multivitamin pill or a fake pill to see if the real one helped.

Where does this study sit?

Systematic Reviews & Meta-analyses

Max 100

Randomized Trials

Max 90

Cohort Studies

Max 72

Case-Control

Max 58

Cross-Sectional

Max 44

Case Reports & Series

Max 30

Expert Opinion

Max 5
StrongerWeaker
Randomized Trials
Level 1b
82

82 / 100

Quality score

Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups, minimizing bias. Considered the gold standard for testing whether an intervention causes an effect.

Can establish causation

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Key takeaways

Summary

Based on the study abstract and findings.

  1. 1Yes — B12 levels improved enough to help prevent deficiency, but the pill didn't fix low vitamin A or choline levels, suggesting those need higher doses or different approaches.
  2. 2The real pill had 82 micrograms of B12.
  3. 3After 4 months, B12 levels went up in the pill group but not in the fake pill group.
  4. 4Other vitamins and choline didn't change much.

Score breakdown, methodology, conflicts of interest, evidence analysis & raw study data

Publication

Journal

European Journal of Nutrition

Year

2025

Authors

Tim Zerback, C. Koeder, Stine Weder, Andreas Sputtek, G. Eckert, Markus Keller

Open Access
1 citations
Analysis v4
Fit Body Science verdict — we translate health studies into clear verdicts backed by peer-reviewed research.

Not medical advice. For informational purposes only. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making health decisions.