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The Study

Extraction of carotenoids from feces, enabling the bioavailability of beta-carotene to be studied in Indonesian children.

In simple terms

This study is like taking a quick snapshot of how much of a nutrient ends up in poop after kids eat certain foods. It can help scientists see what’s happening, but it can’t prove that one food causes better absorption than another.

33%

Analysis score

33/ 44

Maximum 44 for a cross-sectional study.

Where the score came from

Reporting0
Methodology0
Publication100
Statistical54
Study type (basis of the score)
Cross-Sectional Study
Level 4 - Case series
What’s the bottom line?

Scientists wanted to know how well kids can use vitamin A from pumpkin and spinach. Instead of taking blood, they used poop to measure it — which is easier and doesn’t hurt. They gave kids special pumpkin or spinach with a label that shows how much vitamin A their body absorbs.

Where does this study sit?

Reviews of RCTs (Meta-analyses)

Max 100

Randomized Trials

Max 90

Reviews of Cohort Studies

Max 85

Cohort Studies

Max 72

Reviews of Case-Control Studies

Max 63

Case-Control Studies

Max 58

Cross-Sectional & Case Series

Max 50

Expert Opinion

Max 5
StrongerWeaker
Cross-Sectional & Case Series
Level 4
33

33 / 100

Quality score

Snapshots of a population at a single point in time, or descriptions of small groups. Can identify correlations and prevalence, but cannot determine cause and effect.

Cannot establish causation

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Key takeaways

Summary

Based on the study abstract and findings.

  1. 1Even though pumpkin seems better, the number varies a lot between kids — some get much more, some don’t.
  2. 2But overall, pumpkin is a stronger source of vitamin A than spinach.
  3. 3Pumpkin gave 1.8 times more usable vitamin A than spinach when measured in poop.
  4. 4Blood tests showed almost the same — 1.7 times more.
  5. 5The poop test works well and is easier for kids.

Score breakdown, methodology, conflicts of interest, evidence analysis & raw study data

Publication

Journal

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Year

2003

Authors

M. van Lieshout, C. West, P. van de Bovenkamp, Yan Wang, Yongkai Sun, R. V. van Breemen, Dewi Permaesih Muhilal, M. Verhoeven, A. Creemers, J. Lugtenburg

23 citations
Analysis v5
Fit Body Science verdict — we translate health studies into clear verdicts backed by peer-reviewed research.

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