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The Study

Comparative effectiveness of progressive moderate- to high-intensity peripheral and inspiratory muscle training combined with aerobic exercise in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized clinical trial

In simple terms

This study compared two kinds of exercise for older people and saw which one helped them breathe better or walk farther. Because people were randomly assigned, we can say one exercise probably led to better results than the other — but we don’t know if either one is better than just sitting around, because no one sat around.

64%

Analysis score

64/ 90

Maximum 90 for a randomized controlled trial.

Where the score came from

Reporting0
Methodology71
Publication100
Statistical77
Study type (basis of the score)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Level 1b - Individual RCT
What’s the bottom line?

Older adults did either breathing exercises or leg/arm strength workouts, plus walking, for 10 weeks. Both groups got stronger and walked farther.

Where does this study sit?

Reviews of RCTs (Meta-analyses)

Max 100

Randomized Trials

Max 90

Reviews of Cohort Studies

Max 85

Cohort Studies

Max 72

Reviews of Case-Control Studies

Max 63

Case-Control Studies

Max 58

Cross-Sectional & Case Series

Max 50

Expert Opinion

Max 5
StrongerWeaker
Randomized Trials
Level 1b
64

64 / 100

Quality score

Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups, minimizing bias. The gold standard for testing whether an intervention causes an effect.

Can establish causation

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Key takeaways

Summary

Based on the study abstract and findings.

  1. 1Yes — walking farther means more independence; feeling less fear of death means better emotional well-being.
  2. 2Breathing exercises: improved inhale strength by 79% and reduced fear of death by 56%.
  3. 3Leg/arm workouts: improved exhale strength by 88%, sense of touch by 53%, and walking distance by 97%.

Score breakdown, methodology, conflicts of interest, evidence analysis & raw study data

Publication

Journal

Medicine

Year

2026

Authors

Sezen Uyanik, B. Akıncı

Open Access
Analysis v5

Related Content

Claims (10)

Assertion

In adults aged 65 to 80 who live at home, 10 weeks of breathing exercises at 60–80% of their maximum breathing capacity increases their maximum breathing strength by 20–25%.

Causal
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Assertion

In adults aged 65 to 80 who live independently, 10 weeks of breathing exercises combined with aerobic activity increases inspiratory muscle strength by 0.788 standard deviations in maximum inspiratory pressure and by 1.032 standard deviations in MIP%.

Quantitative
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Assertion

In adults aged 65 to 80 who live independently, 10 weeks of either strength training or breathing exercises, both done with aerobic exercise, increases how far they can walk in six minutes.

Causal
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Assertion

Older adults aged 65–80 who completed 10 weeks of breathing exercises combined with aerobic exercise showed a measurable improvement in their psychological response to death and dying, compared to those who did peripheral muscle training.

Causal
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Assertion

Older adults aged 65–80 who completed 10 weeks of combined resistance and aerobic exercise showed a measurable improvement in their self-reported sensory abilities, as measured by the WHOQOL-OLD questionnaire.

Causal
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Assertion

In adults aged 65 to 80, 10 weeks of combined strength and aerobic exercise increases expiratory muscle strength by 0.876 standard deviations for maximum expiratory pressure and by 0.932 standard deviations for MEP%.

Quantitative
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