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Creatine supplementation increases T-cell persistence and metabolic fitness in tumor environments, improving the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy.

In mice with melanoma, creatine supplementation increases the number of dendritic cells inside tumors, increases their release of inflammatory signaling molecules, and increases the number of immune cells recruited to the tumor.

Creatine supplementation increases ATP levels in dendritic cells derived from mice and humans, which enhances their capacity to activate T cells to recognize tumor antigens.

Creatine supplementation raises ATP levels in dendritic cells, which enables these cells to perform energy-demanding tasks like presenting antigens and releasing cytokines when nutrients are limited due to competition with tumor cells.

In mice with tumors, dendritic cells show increased activity of the creatine transporter gene compared to dendritic cells in healthy tissue, reflecting a change in energy metabolism due to the tumor environment.

In mouse models, removing the creatine transporter from dendritic cells reduces their survival, activation, and capacity to trigger T cell proliferation and cytokine release, indicating that creatine uptake is required for normal dendritic cell function in the tumor microenvironment.