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Association between complementary anthropometric measures and all-cause mortality risk in adults: NHANES 2011–2016
Association of waist circumference with long-term all-cause mortality and cardiac death in patients with a pacemaker: a retrospective study
Increase in waist circumference over 6 years predicts subsequent cardiovascular disease and total mortality in nordic women
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Increased waist circumference is associated with a higher risk of metabolic disease and mortality, independent of total body weight.
People with bigger waists are more likely to die sooner, even if their overall weight seems normal—this means where you carry fat matters more than how much you weigh.
Older adults who lose more than 5% of their waist size are more likely to die within the study period compared to those whose waist size stays stable.
For older adults, both very small and very large changes in waist size are linked to higher death rates, forming a U-shaped pattern.
Women who gained belly fat over six years were more likely to die or have heart problems later, even if they weren't overweight to begin with.