Ukrainian female students who became refugees reported higher fear of war than those who stayed in their homes, with a statistically significant difference.

Students who had to flee their homes or were forced to move within Ukraine felt more emotionally drained and more afraid of the war than those who stayed put.

In 2022, these students were really scared of the war. By 2023, they felt a bit less scared — but by 2024, their fear shot back up again, even higher than before.

Ukrainian female students reported higher fear of war in 2024 than in 2023, with the difference being statistically significant but small in size.

Students who were more depressed also had much higher levels of fear and emotional exhaustion — the worse their depression, the worse their fear and burnout.