In 2022, these students were really scared of the war. By 2023, they felt a bit less scared — but by 2024, their fear shot back up again, even higher than before.

Ukrainian female students reported higher fear of war in 2024 than in 2023, with the difference being statistically significant but small in size.

At first, students felt worse — then they got a little better in 2023 — but by 2024, they felt even worse than before. This means they didn’t just get used to the war — their mental health got worse again.

Ukrainian female students who became refugees reported higher fear of war than those who stayed in their homes, with a statistically significant difference.

Students who were more depressed also had much higher levels of fear and emotional exhaustion — the worse their depression, the worse their fear and burnout.

No matter when they were surveyed, students who were more afraid of the war were also more emotionally drained — this connection stayed strong throughout the war.