Browse evidence-based analysis of health-related claims and assertions
In HIV patients with belly fat who responded to tesamorelin, thicker subcutaneous fat (on CT scans) was linked to higher adiponectin levels, which is beneficial for metabolic health.
Correlational
When HIV patients with belly fat responded to tesamorelin, thicker visceral fat (as seen on CT scans) was linked to higher levels of adiponectin, a hormone that helps regulate metabolism.
For HIV patients with belly fat who responded to tesamorelin, the drug made the subcutaneous fat denser by 3.5 points on a CT scan scale compared to placebo, regardless of changes in fat amount.
Causal
In HIV patients with belly fat who responded to the drug tesamorelin, the treatment made the visceral fat denser by 2.3 points on a CT scan scale compared to placebo, even after accounting for changes in fat amount.
When mouse hair starts growing, pigment stem cells in the hair germ turn on color-making and branch-related genes before they divide.
Descriptive
Skin cells around the hair follicle make WNT signals that turn on WNT activity in pigment stem cells in mice.
Mechanistic
Mouse pigment cells that darken after UV exposure can turn back into stem cells and keep making color for up to two years.
Quantitative
In mouse hair follicles, pigment cells in the hair germ area actively make new pigment cells and stem cells, while those in the bulge stay quiet and only make more stem cells.
Mouse pigment stem cells don't have a special group that never changes; different cells make Oca2 protein in each hair growth cycle.
WNT signals in the hair follicle are linked to pigment cells turning into mature color-producing cells in mice.
When mouse skin is exposed to UV light, pigment cells temporarily turn dark but later revert back to stem cells.
Mouse pigment cells that make Oca2 protein can turn back into stem cells after moving to the bulge area of the hair follicle.
When mouse hair is repeatedly plucked, more pigment cells get stuck in the bulge area (from 10% to 50% of follicles), and these stuck cells don't help make new hair color.
Mouse hair pigment cells move between different parts of the hair follicle and change their state back and forth, which is linked to WNT signaling.
Even though these protein shakes had less amino acids than previously thought necessary, they still effectively boosted muscle protein building in young men.
Both types of protein shakes boosted muscle protein building similarly in young men, whether they were resting or exercising after drinking them.
Young men who drank β-lactoglobulin had higher levels of branched-chain and essential amino acids in their blood over time compared to those who drank regular whey protein.
When young men consumed β-lactoglobulin, their blood leucine levels peaked higher than when they consumed regular whey protein.
Young men who drank a β-lactoglobulin protein shake had higher blood leucine levels over time than those who drank regular whey protein, but their muscles built protein at the same rate.
Using 50,000 bone cells and tendon cells per gel, and 100,000 muscle cells per gel, the cells stop multiplying and start forming tissue within two weeks.
Elemental analysis shows calcium and phosphorus levels decrease from the bone part to the muscle part of the gel model.
Staining the gel model shows more matrix building up over three weeks, seen as darker colors in the stains.
The amount of LDH released by cells in the gel model goes down at first, then up, showing changes in cell damage over three weeks.
Cells in the tendon and muscle parts of the gel line up along ridges but don't form proper fibers even after three weeks.