When postmenopausal women with obesity lose 10-11% of their body weight over two years, their bodies produce more glucagon-like peptide-1 after eating, a hormone that helps signal fullness.

After losing weight, women who are postmenopausal and obese show simultaneous increases in two gut hormones, GLP-1 and GIP, after eating. These hormonal changes may help reduce hunger and improve metabolic function as they maintain their weight.

After eating a high-fat, low-carb diet for three days, the body releases more of a gut hormone called GLP-1 when you drink sugar water — even though blood sugar goes higher.

In healthy women who are obese and past menopause, losing weight is linked to higher glucagon levels during fasting, less suppression of glucagon after eating, and higher ketone levels, indicating a metabolic shift toward breaking down stored energy.

After eating mostly fat for three days, healthy young men released more of a gut hormone (GLP-1) that helps control blood sugar when they drank sugar water, even though their blood sugar still went higher.

After 24 months on a Paleolithic diet, healthy postmenopausal women who are obese show a 23% higher rise in the hormone GIP after meals compared to those on a different diet, even when weight loss is accounted for.