In healthy women who are obese and past menopause, losing weight is linked to higher glucagon levels during fasting, less suppression of glucagon after eating, and higher ketone levels, indicating a...

When postmenopausal women with obesity lose 10-11% of their body weight over two years, their bodies produce more glucagon-like peptide-1 after eating, a hormone that helps signal fullness.

Among healthy women who are obese and past menopause, following a Paleolithic diet for two years leads to more weight loss than following a typical diet, even when both diets allow unlimited eating without counting calories. This suggests that the types of foods eaten, not just how much, affect weight changes.

After losing weight, women who are postmenopausal and obese show simultaneous increases in two gut hormones, GLP-1 and GIP, after eating. These hormonal changes may help reduce hunger and improve metabolic function as they maintain their weight.

For women who aren't severely obese, losing fat depends only on eating fewer calories — it doesn’t matter if you cut those calories through diet alone or by combining diet with cardio, as long as the total calorie drop is the same.