Health Claims

People who work nights more than three times a week are more likely to develop a type of liver fat buildup than those who rarely or never work nights — and the more nights they work, the higher the risk.

Correlational

People who work irregular shifts tend to gain weight, and that extra weight explains about a third of why they’re more likely to have fat in their liver—but other factors also play a role.

Mechanistic

People who work nights or irregular shifts are more likely to develop a fatty liver condition, especially if they do it for a long time or often — this might be because their body’s internal clock gets messed up.

Correlational

People with NAFLD—where fat builds up in the liver without drinking alcohol—often also have issues like being overweight, having high blood sugar, or other metabolic problems.

Correlational

Working irregular hours or not sleeping well can mess up your body’s internal clock, which in turn hurts your metabolism and liver — making it harder for your body to process food and stay healthy.

Causal

A special kind of scan called 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT is really good at telling apart cancerous lymph nodes in the pelvis from harmless ones in men with high-risk prostate cancer — it hardly ever makes a mistake and is just as accurate as MRI or CT scans.

Quantitative

For about 1 in 4 men with cancer spread to the pelvic lymph nodes, a special PET scan called 18F-PSMA-1007 found the cancer when regular MRI and CT scans didn’t see anything — meaning this new scan might catch things others miss.

Descriptive

A special type of scan called 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT helps doctors agree more often on whether cancer has spread to the pelvic lymph nodes than other scans like MRI or CT — it’s like everyone using this scan sees the same thing, while others keep disagreeing.

Quantitative

A special kind of scan called 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT can find small cancer spots in the pelvis that regular CT or MRI scans miss—especially those smaller than 8 mm—because it sees things differently than just looking at shape and size.

Quantitative

A new kind of scan called 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT is much better at finding tiny cancer spread in the pelvis than older scans like MRI or CT — it catches cancer in nearly 9 out of 10 men where other scans miss it, and it can see really small tumors that regular scans can’t even spot.

Quantitative

The artery that usually supplies the brainstem was very small or missing, but another nearby artery was unusually large — suggesting the patient was born with this unusual anatomy.

Descriptive

A person with a rare brain condition called Wallenberg syndrome had trouble swallowing and felt dizzy for over a month, so they had to go to a rehab hospital—even though they were already taking blood-thinning medicine.

Descriptive

A person had a sudden, severe headache and a brain stroke in a specific area called the medulla, but scans showed no broken blood vessels—so the stroke wasn’t caused by a tear in the artery, even though that’s usually what you’d expect with such a headache.

Descriptive

A 65-year-old woman had a stroke in her brainstem, but the first two MRI scans didn’t show it—doctors only saw the damage after waiting five days.

Descriptive

An older woman who had a stroke before suddenly got a terrible headache that came out of nowhere, then started having trouble with dizziness, numbness on one side of her face, and swallowing. A scan five days later finally showed a new stroke in her brainstem, even though two earlier scans had come back normal.

Descriptive

When scientists try to figure out how fast breast cancer grows and how many tumors are slow-moving, their calculations get less accurate if the numbers they use for slow-growing tumors or fast-growing tumors are too low or too high.

Quantitative

Scientists have built a math model to understand how breast cancer grows in different ways — some fast, some slow — and they say they can tell the two apart as long as new cancers start slower than they grow big enough to be found, even if you only get one mammogram and don’t follow people for long.

Mechanistic

Scientists can't accurately tell how many slow-growing breast cancers are in the Canadian breast screening data because the information isn't detailed enough—even with the best math tools.

Descriptive

If you try to use a simple model that assumes all tumors grow quickly to explain data that includes both fast-growing and slow-growing tumors, you’ll wrongly think cancer starts earlier and grows faster than it really does.

Quantitative

If you stop screening for breast cancer, you need to keep checking patients for longer than the average time it takes for dangerous tumors to grow, or else you won’t be able to tell which cancers would never harm someone and how fast the bad ones progress.

Quantitative

In South Korea, more and more people started finding thyroid cancer through routine scans between 1999 and 2008 — and this happened right after doctors began using ultrasound machines much more often thanks to new health rules.

Correlational

In South Korea, more people were diagnosed with thyroid cancer between 1999 and 2012, but the number of people dying from it didn’t go up — which suggests doctors are just finding harmless lumps that wouldn’t have hurt anyone, not more dangerous cancers.

Descriptive

More thyroid cancers were found between 1999 and 2008, but almost all of them were tiny lumps that doctors couldn’t even feel during a regular checkup — so they probably found them by accident while doing scans or tests for other reasons.

Descriptive

More people were diagnosed with thyroid cancer between 1999 and 2008, and most of that increase came from ultrasounds finding tiny, harmless lumps in the thyroid—so it’s not that more people got sick, but that we’re just finding tiny things we wouldn’t have noticed before.

Correlational