Health Claims

Taking creatine for two weeks — whether a little or a lot — doesn’t change weight or body composition in young women who work out regularly.

Descriptive

Taking 5 grams of creatine every day for two weeks doesn’t seem to change how water is distributed in the body for young women who work out regularly.

Quantitative

Taking 20 grams of creatine every day for two weeks might help young active women hold more water inside their cells, which could support muscle function.

Quantitative

If you're on dialysis, taking 5 grams of creatine every day for a year might add about three-quarters of a liter of water inside your cells, which could help you gain lean body mass.

Mechanistic

Taking creatine every day for a year doesn’t help improve nutrition or reduce inflammation in people on dialysis, according to this claim.

Causal

If you're on dialysis, taking a creatine supplement every day for a year might help your muscles hold more water and get bigger, and most people in the study saw some benefit.

Mechanistic

Taking a creatine supplement every day might help kidney dialysis patients gain more muscle and fight muscle loss over time.

Causal

Taking a creatine supplement every day might help kidney patients on dialysis keep more muscle mass over time.

Causal

Insulin and exercise help muscles take in a type of amino acid even without using the cell's usual sodium-potassium pump, suggesting they use a different route to get nutrients in.

Mechanistic

When muscles are resting, they need a specific cellular pump to bring in a type of nutrient, but when they're active—like during exercise or after insulin kicks in—they use a totally different method that doesn’t rely on that same pump.

Mechanistic

Giving healthy adults normal levels of certain hormones like GLP-1 and insulin — either alone or together — doesn't change how stiff their main artery is over about two and a half hours.

Descriptive

When healthy adults get infusions of two hormones—GLP-1 or insulin—each one widens a major arm artery and boosts blood flow by about 30%. But when both are given together, they don’t widen the artery any more than just one alone, meaning they don’t add up.

Mechanistic

When healthy adults get both GLP-1 and insulin at the same time, it doesn’t boost blood flow to their heart or muscles any more than using just one of the hormones alone.

Mechanistic

When healthy adults get a controlled dose of insulin for two hours, it boosts blood flow and blood volume in their heart and muscle tissues, helping more nutrients move between blood and muscles.

Mechanistic

When healthy adults get a specific dose of a hormone called GLP-1 through an IV, it quickly boosts blood flow in the small vessels of their heart and muscles, helping deliver more nutrients and hormones where they're needed.

Mechanistic

Two different creatine transporters are found in different parts of the body— one is mostly in the kidney and eye, the other in the brain, heart, and muscles— which probably means they do different jobs in those places.

Descriptive

Rats without a certain gene spill more creatine in their pee, which means that gene probably helps their kidneys recycle creatine.

Mechanistic

A person with cataracts had a rare gene change that might make it harder for their cells to take in creatine, based on lab tests.

Mechanistic

There's a second protein in the body, called MCT12, that can carry creatine into cells — kind of like a backup delivery truck. Unlike the main one, it doesn’t need salt or other chemicals to work, and it actually works better when things are more alkaline.

Mechanistic

In sea creatures like clams and snails, a special protein helps control how much taurine gets in and out of their cells when the salt levels around them change — this helps the cells stay healthy and adapt.

Mechanistic

Taurine helps shellfish like clams and mussels keep their immune systems balanced and working well when they're stressed by things like pollution or changing water conditions.

Mechanistic

Taurine helps protect sea snails and clams from stress caused by dirty water or pollution by acting like an internal shield against cell damage.

Mechanistic

Marine molluscs, like clams and snails, rely on a substance called taurine to help their cells stay the right size when the saltiness of the water around them changes — kind of like how a sponge adjusts to wet or dry conditions without falling apart.

Mechanistic

Giving certain fish extra potassium and taurine in their food might help them handle salty water better by reducing stress in their gills and liver.

Correlational