Browse evidence-based analysis of health-related claims and assertions
When mouse skin is exposed to UV light, pigment cells temporarily turn dark but later revert back to stem cells.
Mouse pigment cells that make Oca2 protein can turn back into stem cells after moving to the bulge area of the hair follicle.
When mouse hair is repeatedly plucked, more pigment cells get stuck in the bulge area (from 10% to 50% of follicles), and these stuck cells don't help make new hair color.
Mouse hair pigment cells move between different parts of the hair follicle and change their state back and forth, which is linked to WNT signaling.
Even though these protein shakes had less amino acids than previously thought necessary, they still effectively boosted muscle protein building in young men.
Both types of protein shakes boosted muscle protein building similarly in young men, whether they were resting or exercising after drinking them.
Young men who drank β-lactoglobulin had higher levels of branched-chain and essential amino acids in their blood over time compared to those who drank regular whey protein.
When young men consumed β-lactoglobulin, their blood leucine levels peaked higher than when they consumed regular whey protein.
Young men who drank a β-lactoglobulin protein shake had higher blood leucine levels over time than those who drank regular whey protein, but their muscles built protein at the same rate.
Using 50,000 bone cells and tendon cells per gel, and 100,000 muscle cells per gel, the cells stop multiplying and start forming tissue within two weeks.
Elemental analysis shows calcium and phosphorus levels decrease from the bone part to the muscle part of the gel model.
Staining the gel model shows more matrix building up over three weeks, seen as darker colors in the stains.
The amount of LDH released by cells in the gel model goes down at first, then up, showing changes in cell damage over three weeks.
Cells in the tendon and muscle parts of the gel line up along ridges but don't form proper fibers even after three weeks.
When stained with alizarin red, the bone and muscle parts of the gel model show calcium deposits, which is typical for mineralized tissues.
A special container with three sections keeps different liquids separate for a day but still lets cells talk to each other across sections.
In this gel model, the number of cells decreases for two weeks then levels off, while their energy use increases for a week then stabilizes after three weeks.
When grown together in a gel model, bone cells (MG-63) make osteonectin, tendon cells (HDF) make tenomodulin, and muscle cells (Sket.4U) make α-SMA, and these markers are still present after two weeks.
A gel made from collagen and agarose with different amounts of hydroxyapatite can be made to have different stiffness levels: soft like muscle (20 kPa), medium like tendon (140 kPa), and stiff like bone (240 kPa).
After swimming, rats that drank whey protein had more leucine inside their muscles than those drinking other proteins for up to 1.5 hours after eating.
After swimming, rats that drank whey protein had more leucine in their blood than those drinking other proteins at 1 and 1.5 hours after eating.
When rats ate more milk protein up to a certain amount, their muscle building increased, but eating even more didn't help further.
When measuring overall muscle building over several hours, milk protein showed the highest total effect, then caseinate, whey, and soy, but the numbers weren't statistically tested.
When rats swam for two hours and consumed dairy proteins (whey, milk, or caseinate), their muscle building rates were higher than those eating soy protein at specific times after eating.